What Makes Me Nervous? artifact

What Makes Me Nervous? from Ashley Lanum

Are you going to fight or flee? artifact

Does That Make Sense? artifact

Hormones, the perfect storm? artifact

Works Cited:
1. Peter H. Raven, George B. Johnson, Jonathan B. Losos, and Susan R. Singer, Biology (7th edition), McGraw-Hill Co. NY, Chapters 45, 46 and 47.
2. N.d. The McGraw-Hill Companies, inc.Web. 16 Oct 2012.
3. N.d. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;Web. 16 Oct 2012.
4. Thibodeau, Gary A. Anthony’s textbook of Anatomy&Physiology. 17. 353-356. Print.
5. "ARCHITECTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE NERVE CELL OR 'NEURON'" Holistic Educator. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.holisticeducator.com/neuron.htm>.
6. "Cyberounds: Moderators." Cyberounds: Moderators. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cyberounds.com/content/moderators/all.html>.
7. "Fun Facts About Neurons." Serendip Studio. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/brains/neuron/funfacts>.
8. "Nerve Diagram Dendrite Axon - Public Domain Clip Art Image @ Wpclipart.com." Nerve Diagram Dendrite Axon - Public Domain Clip Art Image @ Wpclipart.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.wpclipart.com/medical/anatomy/cells/neuron/nerve_diagram_dendrite_axon.png.html>.

Introduction- How do I bust Sweet Moves?

In the first artifact, Skeletal Identification Virtual Dissection, shows pictures of specific bones and joints in the human body. It shows the spine, ribs, upper arm, forearm, the hand, the pelvic girdle, the leg, and the foot. It goes in detail of each section of the body. 
In the second artifact, Skeletal Physiology, the types of bones are described such as the long bone, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones. The Haversian System, cells in bones, homeostatic functions, intramembranous and endochondral bones, and types of cartilage are explained in detail. 
In the third artifact, Muscular Identification Video, each student acts out certain movements. It shows from flexion to abduction to rotation to depression.  For each movement, the acronym PAST is provided and is explained. 
In the fourth artifact, Muscular Physiology, explanations of the skeletal muscles are shown. There are comparisons and contrasts between roles of certain muscles of the body. Details about the 4 factors that influence the strength of muscle contractions is described. 

Table of Contents

1) Artifact 1-Skeletal Dissection

- Skull

-Hyoid

-Spinal column

-Sternum and ribs 

-Upper extremity

-Lower extremity

2)Artifact 2- Skeletal Physiology

- Types of bones

- Major components of a Haversion system

- Steps in bone fracture repair

3)Artifact 3- Muscular Identifcation Video

- PAST

-Movements

4) Artifact 4- Muscular Physiology

- Skeletal muscles

- Ca++ roles

- Rigor Mortis

Skeletal Identification

Skeletal Physiology

10. Examples of hyaline cartilage: articular surfaces of synovial joints, trachea and larynx, and ventral ends of ribs.

Examples of elastic cartilage: larynx, epiglottis, and pinna of ear.

Examples of fibro cartilage: intervertebral disks, ligament and tendon to bone attachment sites, pubic symphysis, and intro-articular menisci.

Hyaline cartilage is easily distinguished from elastic and fibrocartilage because of the homogeneous (no fibers are visible) extracellular matrix (ECM) . The darker staining matrix immediately surrounding the capsule is called territorial matrix , while the matrix that occupies the majority of space between chondrocytes is interterritorial matrix .

Elastic cartilage (like hyaline cartilage) has chondrocytes located in lacunae and the tissue is surrounded by a perichondrium . Elastic fibers predominate in the ECM. The abundance of elastic fibers gives the ECM a heterogeneous (fibrillar) appearance when stained with H & E.

Fibrocartilage is intermediate in appearance between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage. Chondrocytes are situated in lacunae and no identifiable perichondrium is present. The matrix is acidophilic because of the large amount of coarse type I collagen fibers . Note that there are relatively few cells when compared with hyaline cartilage.

11. Cartilage:

A. Principle cell= chondrocytes

B. Principle cell= Type II

C. Major ground substance GAGs= keratin, chondroiton sulfates

Common Elements of all types of cartilage: 

Cell, fibers, and ground substances

Mechanisms of cartilage growth: modulation of balance between proteoglycan and collagen in vitro using chondroitinase ABC.

Bone functions: 

- support framework

-rigid lever

-protection

-source of minerals

Bone tissue must be added below the joint somewhere along the length of the bone. This occurs at the epiphyseal plate, or growth plate. Herechondrocytes first produce hyaline cartilage. The cartilage then becomes calcified or ossified to form hard bone tissue (involves addition of Ca+ and Phosphorous ions). The condrocytes produce cartilage on one side of the plate and push the end of the bone up. The other side of the epiphyseal plate gradually becomes calcified.

12.

Structural classification is based on the materials that hold the joint together and whether or not a cavity is present in the joint. There are three structural classes:

1.     Fibrous joints are held together by fibrous connective tissue. 

2.     Cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage). 

3.     Synovial joints are characterized by a synovial cavity (joint cavity) containing synovial fluid. 

Functional classification is based on the degree to which the joint permits movement. There are three types:

·         A synarthrosis joint permits no movement. Structurally, it may be a fibrous or cartilaginous joint.

·         An amphiarthrosis joint permits only slight movement. Structurally, it may be a fibrous or cartilaginous joint.

·         A diarthrosis joint is a freely movable joint. Structurally, it is always a synovial joint.

·         13. abduction: movement away from the mid-line of the body. Example: the arm is pulled away from the center of the body.

·         adduction: movement toward the mid-line of the body. Example: right femur extended out to the right side, inwards towards or across the centre of the body.

·         extension: straightening limbs at a joint. Example: extending the flexed (bent) elbow.

·         flexion: bending the limbs at a joint. Example: clenching a hand into a fist

·         rotation: a circular movement around a fixed point. Example: the shoulder or hip would point the toes or the flexed forearm inwards

1.  Broken bones in the spine-vertebral fractures- are the most common type of fracture. It is vertebral fractures that make man older women appear stooped. A broken hip-hip fracture- is the most severe. The major functions of the vertebral column are protection of the spinal cord, provides stiffening for the body and attachment for the pectoral and pelvic girdle, provides motion for the human skeleton, and transmits body weight in walking and standing. The functions of the hip is to provide stability for weight bearing such as standing, walking, or running, to allow mobility of the leg in space, and to transmit the loads from the upper body to the thigh and then to the lower leg.

2. The epiphyseal plate plays a major role in the elongation of long bones in Infants and adolescents, in adults who have stopped growing the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line. A fracture along the epiphyseal plate in a child or adolescent could result in impeded growth and growth defects. In later life arthritis would be apparent in the joint where the fracture happened.

3. Changes in posture and gait (walking pattern) are common with aging as changes in the skin and hair. Bone mass or density is lost as people age, especially in women after menopause. The bones lose calcium and other minerals. The middle of the body (trunk) becomes shorter as the disks gradually lose fluid and become thinner. vertebrae lose some of their mineral content, making each bone thinner. The spinal column becomes curved and compressed (packed together). Bone spurs, caused by aging and overall use of the spine, may also form on the vertebrae. The joints become stiffer and less flexible. Inflammation, pain, stiffness, and deformity may result from breakdown of the joint structures. Bones become more brittle and may break more easily. Strength and endurance change. Loss of muscle mass reduces strength. Older people become tired more easily, and have less energy.

Muscular Identification Video

Muscular Physiology Lesson

Works Cited

Works Cited:
1. Peter H. Raven, George B. Johnson, Jonathan B. Losos, and Susan R. Singer, Biology (7th edition), McGraw-Hill Co. NY, Chapters 45, 46 and 47.
2. N.d. The McGraw-Hill Companies, inc.Web. 16 Oct 2012.
3. N.d. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;Web. 16 Oct 2012.
4. Thibodeau, Gary A. Anthony’s textbook of Anatomy&Physiology. 17. 353-356. Print.
5. "ARCHITECTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE NERVE CELL OR 'NEURON'" Holistic Educator. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.holisticeducator.com/neuron.htm>.
6. "Cyberounds: Moderators." Cyberounds: Moderators. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cyberounds.com/content/moderators/all.html>.
7. "Fun Facts About Neurons." Serendip Studio. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/brains/neuron/funfacts>.
8. "Nerve Diagram Dendrite Axon - Public Domain Clip Art Image @ Wpclipart.com." Nerve Diagram Dendrite Axon - Public Domain Clip Art Image @ Wpclipart.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.wpclipart.com/medical/anatomy/cells/neuron/nerve_diagram_dendrite_axon.png.html>.

Introduction

Theses labs were designed to show how our heart rates and pulses change depending on how much energy you are using. If you are exercising, then your heart rate will increase but once you are at a normal pace your heart rate and pressure will decrease. The energy exerted causes the respiratory rates to change, and will keep increasing as the breathing gets heavier. 
In the first lab, the objectives are to obtain graphical representation of heart rate and blood pressure, compare heart rate and blood pressure before and after exposure to cold stimulus. It is also to observe an example of sympathetic nervous system activation ("fight or flight response"). When the levels fluctuate, it stimulates the senses therefore pushing the body one direction or another. After the immersion, it took about 15 seconds fro the heart rate to reach its maximum value.
The objectives of the second lab are to obtain graphic representation of heart rate and blood pressure, determine the effect of exercise on heart rate, and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures. It also uses blood pressure readings and pulse to infer changes in cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance with exercise and correlate the fitness level of individuals with amount of daily exercise. The pulse pressure is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure increased while the diastolic decreased. 
The third lab's objectives are to obtain graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time, to learn to recognize the different wave forms seen in an EKG, and associate these wave forms with activity of the heart. It's also to determine the heart rate by determining the rate of individual wave forms in the EKG and to compare wave forms generated by alternate EKG lead placements. Certain things can be passed on by the parents to the children. 
In the fourth lab, the objectives are to obtain graphical representation of lung capacities and volumes, compare lung volumes between males and females, and to correlate lung volumes with clinical conditions. Measurement of lung volumes provides a tool for understanding normal functions of the lungs as well as disease states. The breathing cycle is initiated by expansion of the chest. The males IRV and ERV are higher than females. If a foreign object was inhaled and it obstructed my right main stern then you would expect the tidal volume to be half of the original total. 
The fifth lab's objectives are to obtain graphical representation of normal tidal volume, to compare tidal volumes generated by various physiologic challenges, and to correlate your findings with real-life situations. The respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration is controlled by complex mechanisms involving neurons in the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and peripheral nervous system, as well as chemicals and pressure. The greatest change in the respiratory rate occurred during the rapid breathing. 
In conclusion, in these labs we figured out the respiratory rates, the increase or decrease of the heart rate depending on the energy we are using. During exercise we know that the respiratory rate will increase because it is doing more work. We also test the differences in the respiratory rates between males and females. 

Table of Content

1. Heart Rate Labs
-Obtain graphical representation of heart rate and blood pressure.

-Compare heart rate and blood pressure before and after exposure to cold stimulus.

-Observe an example of sympathetic nervous system activation (“fight or flight response”).

2. Blood Typing Analysis
- Obtain graphic representation of heart rate and blood pressure.

-Determine the effect of exercise on heart rate, and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures.

-Use blood pressure readings and pulse to infer changes in cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance with exercise.

-Correlate the fitness level of individuals with amount of daily exercise.

3. Analyzing the Heart with EKG 

-Obtain graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time.

-Learn to recognize the different wave forms seen in an EKG, and associate these wave forms with activity of the heart.

-Determine the heart rate by determining the rate of individual wave forms in the EKG.

-Compare wave forms generated by alternate EKG lead placements.

4. Lung Volume
-Obtain graphical representation of lung capacities and volumes.

-Compare lung volumes between males and females.

-Correlate lung volumes with clinical conditions.

5. Lung Volume and Factors
-Obtain graphical representation of normal tidal volume.

-Compare tidal volumes generated by various physiologic challenges.

-Correlate your findings with real-life situations.

Heart Rate Labs

Blood Typing Analysis

Analyzing the Heart with EKG (lab 3)

Lab3 anatomy from tabsaba

Experiment 4

Experiment 5

Work Cited

Gordon, Diana, and Steven L. Gordon. Human Physiology with Verner, Verner Software and Technology, 2008 Print